Chapter 7 Test review

Part B

1. Homeostasis - Process by which a constant internal enviornment is maintained dispite changes in the external enviornment. For example, sweating to maintain the bodies functional temperature range while excercising.
2. Negative - Mechanisms that bring the body back to normal ranges
   Positive - Process by which a small affect is amplified.
3. Negative feedback systems are most preferred in the body.
4. The Kidney: Removes excess waste
   Maintains water balance
5. Deamination of proteins causes ammonia to be produced. This ammonia combines with CO2 to form urea which is much less harmful to humans and can be transported safely through the body.
6. a molecule will take the following path while being removed from the body:
   
   1)Circulatory system
   2)Renal Artery
   3)Nephron (first glomerulus then into bowman's capsule)
   4)Proximal Tubule
   5)Descending limb of loop of henule
   6)Ascending limb " " " "
   7)Distal Tubule
   8)Collecting duct
   9)Bladder
   10)Urethra
   
   
   
7. It is benifitial to have 2 kidneys because a greater amount of blood can be filtered per minute. Also, if one kidney is damaged or not working at full efficientcy, you can still survive because your blood is still being filtered by the other kidney.
8. Many mitochondria are needed in the cells of the proximal tubule in order to supply energy for the active transport of sodium ions out of the tubule.
9. Having high blood pressure can cause damage to the blood vessels in the kidneys. They may stop removing waste and water from the body properly and this can cause kidney failure. Urine will form faster as a high pressure from the arteries will force water out of your system not being reabsorbed properly.

Part C

1. After a kidney failure, the most effective treatment option is to have a kidney transplant. Today, these are about 85% sucessful. Medical implications include- finding a matching donor, complications during the procedure, the time taken to do the procedure, the chance of the body rejecting the new kidney by recognising it as a forign invader (this is why immunosupresive drugs are given to transplant patients). Social implications: life expectancy changing by donating or recieving a kidney, because of long waiting list for kidney donor, blackmarket of the bodypart (sold for a profit rather than a donation).
2. The Formation of Urine:
   
   1)Filtration - Process by which blood or bodily fluids pass through a selectivley permeable membrane.
   2)Re-absorption - Transfer of glomerular filtrate from the nephron back into capillaries.
   3)Secretion - Movement of materials from the blood to the distal tubule. Products such as ammonia and some drugs.
   
   Discuss
   

Part D

• Refer to pages 346, 347(worksheet 7.4) and350

Part A

1. A patient with renal problems would find a high concentration of waste products in their blood because the kidneys arent functioning properly.
   
2. unknown substances found in bowmans capsule and urine : possibilities = anything in blood other than enthrocytes (red and white blood cells) proteins and platelets
3. Refer to Part A #2
4. blood filtrate is composed of : water, Na, Cl, glucose, amino acids, hydrogen ions, CO2, Carbonate, etc...
5. Refer to Part A #4
6. Organisms adapting to their eniornment.... many possibilities ?
7. Nitrogen waste comes from the Deamination of amino acids, removing the amine group from the molecule.
8. The role of the kidney is to filter out waste products and maintain water balance in the body. Nesesary for maintaining homeostasis.
9. Many possibilities. Anything transported by blood.
10. Active transport - using cellular energy to move substances around to an area desired (not natural occuring)
11. When items enter the interstitial fluid, osmotic pressure is created and water from the surounding tubules will enter the spaces between the cells to attempt to adjust the concentration of the solution.
12. Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) - Causes kidneys to increase water absorbtion.
    
    Causes parts of the kidney to become semipermeable to water and allows the water to move back into the capilaries conserving water rather than loseing it in urine.
13. Aldosterone - Hormone that increases Na reabsorption from distal tubule and collecting ducts.
14. Refer to Part A #12
15. Refer to Part A #12

good luck ;)
-Brandon