- Evolution - change in the genetic material of a population of organisms through successive generations. In other words, an orgainism adapting over time in a way that is beneficial.
- Adaptation - a change made over time in an organism allowing it to better survive in its environment.
- Homologous Features - Structures that share a common origin but may serve different functions in modern species. For example, flippers and human hands.
Analogous Features - Structures similar in function but not in origin or anatomical structure. For example, wings of birds and bees.
Vestigial Features - Rudimentary and non functioning structures that are homologous to fully functioning structures in closely related species. - Reproductive Isolation Mechanism - Any behavioral, structural or biochemical trait that prevents individuals of different species from reproducing with one another. These can include factors from the environment or the species itself.
- See Part A-True and False number 3.
Part A - Multiple Choice - See Part A-True and False number 2.
- Carl Linnaeus proposed that relatively few species had formed many new species through hybridization and interbreeding. He was also the founder of biological nomenclature.
- Gregor Mendel was a priest and scientist that discovered the passing on of traits from one generation to another which he called alleles. Discovered that some are dominant and others are receive. Can be considered the start or base to many evolution theories.
- Charles Darwin created the theory that all species of life have evolved or come from common ancestors. He spent a 5 year voyage on the H.M.S beagle and wrote a book supporting his ideas.
- Lamark was the first scientist to recognize that the environment plays a key role in the evolution of species. He further postulated the theory of inheritance of acquired traits. Believed that internal desires caused a species to change and evolve over time.
- Malthus postulated that in nature both plants and animals produce far more offspring than are able to survive. He wrote the essay on the principle of population.
- Adaptations that are most desired in nature are ones that allow an organism or species to survive better in its environment. When an offspring survives with positive characteristics, they will then be passed onto the next generation and the species is undergoing evolution.
- We can find evidence of evolution in fossils of animals of the past that seem very similar to animals living in the present. The animals of today have changed and adapted over time to better survive.
- Lamarks theory is considered a flawed statement because he states that new species were created by spontaneous genetration or the idea that living organisms arise from non living matter, which was proven to be untrue.
- See Part A-True and False number 1.
- See package 17 (from grade 13 old Bio textbook)
- Biogeography
- The principles of geology, written by lyell, suggest that Earth had undergone and continues to undergo slow, steady, and very gradual changes.
- The idea that populations outgrow resources was introduced by: Thomas Malthus
- Essay on the Principle of Population, written by Thomas Malthus
Part B - Short Answer
- According to Lamark, the giraffe's desire to reach above the competition created "fluida" and caused the necks of the animals to lengthen. Because the girafes with longer necks were able to survive better than the ones that couldn't reach the higher leaves, this trait was passed on and thus the population of the giraffes evolved overtime to the size they are today. Darwin states that in every species there are individuals that show different charecteristics. The giraffes with longer necks would survive during times with small amounts of food available. thus these individuals would pass the trait to the next generation, causing the population to grow over time.
- See Part A-True and False number 3.
Darwin concluded that creatures with analogous features most likely came from different descent while creatures with homologous features most likely did come from the same descent. - Fossils - Any preserved remains or traces of an organism or its activity; many fossils are of such hardened body parts such as bone. Fossils of organisms from the past can be compared to modern organisms to support evolution.
- Cuvier is the respected anatomist that began the systematic study of fossils, also known as palaeontology. He discovered that many fossils were of extinct species. He found that different layers of sedimentary rock contained different species, more complex species seemed to be closer to the surface.
- See Part A-True and False number 10.
- See Part A-True and False number 11.
- Vestigial Features - Rudimentary and non functioning structures that are homologous to fully functioning structures in closely related species. These have no use for the present individual but remain through evolution from a time when they were once used. for example, modern whales have hip bones and a femour even though no weight is transferred to hind legs. this suggests that at one time these whales had legs.
Part C - Paragraph Questions
- It is possible for two similar locations to have different organisms living in the area because through evolution, internal factors as well as enviornmental factors worked to create variation even within similar species depending on where they live. Many factors contribute to an organisms sucess at survival within an ecosystem. The organism must servive by making changes or addapting to its enviornment. Adaptations eventualy lead to evolution within a population. Over extended periods of time, the organisms may change so much that they are no longer reconisable as being similar, an example being whales origionaly being animals with hind legs, possibly land living.
- Darwin relied on scientists such as
- Thomas Malthus - postulated that in nature both plants and animals produce far more offspring than are able to survive. He wrote the essay on the principle of population.
- Gregor Mendel - was a priest and scientist that discovered the passing on of traits from one generation to another which he called alleles. Discovered that some are dominant and others are receive. Can be considered the start or base to many evolution theories.
- Jean Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet, Chevalier de Lamarck - Was the first scientist to recognize that the enviornment plays a key role in the evolution of species. He further postulated the theory of inheritance of acquired traits.
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