Exam Review - multiple choice

Part A - Multiple Choice (knowledge) - 70 marks

1. Aerobic Cellular Respiration - Uses oxygen to break down glucose, produces 36 ATP in eukaryotic cells and 38 in prokaryotic cells.
   
   
2. In cellular respiration, glucose first goes through the process of glycolysis producing 2NADH, 2ATP and 2 molecules of Pyruvate. The two pyruvate molecules go through pyruvate oxidation and produce 2CO2 molecules and 2 more NADH and create two molecules of Acetyl-CoA. This molecule combines with oxaloacetate as it enters the Kreb's cycle. The Krebs cycle results in 2ATP, 4CO2, 2FADH2 and 6NADH molecules being created.
   
   
3. See Above order
   
   
4. Metabolic Pathways include: Glycolysis and pyruvate oxidation
   then molecules move in the the cyclic pathway called the Krebs cycle and then products from the above are used in the ETC (electron transport chain)
   
   
5. Oxidative Phosphorolation - Creation of ATP with the presence of O2 by oxidative and reduction reactions.
   
   
6. DNA's ability to unzip allows the process of DNA replication to take place. This allows information to be coppied and used for purposes such as cell devision, protein synthesis, etc...
   
   
7. Types of nucleotides/Nitrogen bases are:
   Double Ringed Single Ring
   1) Purines - Adenine and Guanine 2) Pyrimidines - Thymine and Cytosine
   -In RNA, Uracil replaces Thymine
   
   
8. 1 Glucose molecule Produces the following :
   -Glycolysis :2ATP, 2 NADH, 2 Pyruvate
   -Pyruvate Oxidation: 2CO2, 2NADH, 2 Acetyl-CoA
   -Krebs Cycle: 4CO2, 2ATP, 6NADH, 2FADH2
   
   4ATP from substrate phosphorolation
   32 fron Oxidative phosphorolation
   
   
9. ATP is the cellular form of energy. Glucose is converted into glycogen in animals and starch in plants for energy storage. Glycogen can also be converted into fats for longterm storage.
   
   
10. Photosynthesis works most effectivly with Blue and Red-Orange light. Chlorophyll doesn't absorb any green light and this is why plants that are photosynthesizing are green (light is reflected)
    
    
11. The calvin cycle is the dark reactions of photosynthesis (also known as carbon fixation). it takes three carbon molecules and produces G3P (glyceraldehyde 3 Phosphate) which can be converted into glucose, sucrose, starch. This process uses products (NADPH and ATP) from the light reactions of photosynthesis to form the G3P molecules.
    
    
12. See Part B --> #5
    
    
13. See Part B --> #5
    
    
14. See Part A --> #11
    
    
15. See Part A --> #11
    
    
16. A DNA molecule is a polymer consisting of monomers known as nucleotides. The DNA molecule is helical in structure and has two strad going in opposite direction. The monomers consist of a Deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate group and 1/4 nitrogen bases.
    
    
17. See Part B --> #8
    
    
18. See Part A --> #16,
    
    
19. See Part A --> #16,
    
    
20. DNA molecules run from 5' To 3', At the 5' end there is a Phosphate group and the 3' a Deoxyribose sugar. The two strands of DNA making the molecule run in opposite direction. The Nitrogen baseses hold the two opposite strands together in the middle.
    
    
21. See Part B --> #20
    
    
22. Leading Strand - New strand of DNA that is synthesized continuously during DNA replication.
    Lagging Strand - New strand of DNA that is synthesized in small sections, known as okazaki fragments, that are later joined together.
    
    
23. Protein synthesis.
    
    1- DNA(code) used as a template for production of mRNA(codon). (Transcription)
    2- modifications to mRNA allow it to survive outside of the nucleus (5' Cap and poly-A-Tail, Introns removed from the DNA code) (post transcriptional modifications)
    3- Ribosome reads mRNA (Codon) and makes a tRNA (anticodon) to retreive a specific amino acid (translation)
    4-Protein is built by amino acids being delivered to the A-site (acceptor), then joining them together at the p-site (peptide) to create a polypeptide chain (a protein)
    
    
24. Mutations During Protein Synthesis:
    1) Silent Mutation - No negative effect to the organism (same amino acid coded for by accident with different nitrogen bases as the code being used)
    2)Missence Mutation - Single substitution of any amino acid, changing the protein. singel nitrogen base could be changed.
    3)Nonsence Mutation - Change in sequence causing a stop codon to occur to early. Only part of the desired protein is created, can be lethal.
    
    
25. See Part A --> #23
    
    
26. See Part A --> #23
    
    
27. See Part A --> #23
    
    
28. See Part A --> #23
    
    
29. Code - found on DNA - origional nitrogen bases
    Codon - found on mRNA - complimentry to the code, uses uracil rather than thymine
    Anticodon - found on tRNA - complimentry to codon, same as code but uses uracil rather than thymine.
    
    
30. eukaryotes: Membrane bound organelles, DNA is double stranded, containing introns, DNA is replicated at many points simutaneously
    prokaryotes: No membrane, DNA-plasmid ring, no introns, transcription translation happen at same time, eukaryotic DNA is replicated in only one place.
    
    
31. The kidney filters impurities from the circulatory system (urea and ureic acid). it also maintains water balance in the body and removes water from the system. The waste is composed of these things, everyting else is ment to be reabsorbed into the blood stream.
    
    
32. See Part A --> #31
    
    
33. Homeostasis - Process by which a constant internal enviornment is maintained dispite changes in the external enviornment.
    
    
34. De-amination fo aminoacids creates a deadly toxin known as amonia. This amonia is changed imidiatly into urea or ureic acid to safely be removed from youre body. The kidney is responsible for removing this nitrogen waste from youre body.
    
    
35. See Part A --> #31
    
    
    
    
36. 
    
    
37. Active transport - The movement of materials with the consumption of energy by cells. ex, Na+ pumps in the nephron to remove sodium and chlorine from the waste material being filtered out of the body.
    
    
38. ADH - Antidiaretic ormone - causes kidneys to increase water absorbtion, maintains water balance in the body. This hormone is secreted by the pituitary gland and is produced by the hypothalamus.
    
    
39. Hormones - Chemicals released by the body that effect cells in other parts of the body (message system between cells)
    
    
40. Hypothalamus - region of the vertibrates brain that is responsible for coordinating many nerve and hormone functions.
    
    
41. Female reproductive cycle - 28 day cycle
    1) Flow Phase - aprox. 5days
    2) Follicular Phase (folicle develops) - 8days
    3)ovulation (oogenisis) occurs on the 14th day - produces 1 mature folicle and 999 folicle cells that produce the hormones estrogen and progesterone (corpus Luteum) -1day
    4)Luteral Phase - Lining of the uterus prepares to recieve a fertilised egg. aprox 14days
    
    
42. Adrenaline - The flight of fight hormone, increases blood flow to the muscles, prepares the body incase of emergency. Increased sences, responce time, strength, endurance, etc...
    
    
43. Chemical Synapse - the nerve impulse eventualy reaches the end of the axon and must cross to another neuron. The gap between the end of the axon and the dendrite of another neuron is called the synapse. Acetylcholine bridges the gap and another enzyme destroys this to stop the bridging.
    
    
44. Autonomic nervous system - controls the parts of the body that act without our thinking. For example, stomach, intestines and glands. This system helps to prepare the body in case of emergency and returns the body to a normal state after.
    
    
45. Action Potential - A stimulus causes a neuron to fire an action potential ( sending information ) to create a responce to the stimulus
    
    
46. 
    1)Carl Linnaeus proposed that relatively few species had formed many new species through hybridization and interbreeding. founder of biological nomenclature.
    2)Gregor Mendel was a priest and scientist that discovered the passing on of traits from one generation to another which he called alleles. Discovered that some are dominant and others are receive.
    3)Charles Darwin created the theory that all species of life have evolved or come from common ancestors. He spent a 5 year voyage on the H.M.S beagle and wrote a book supporting his ideas.
    4)Lamark was the first scientist to recognize that the environment plays a key role in the evolution of species. He further postulated the theory of inheritance of acquired traits. Believed that internal desires caused a species to change and evolve over time. Flawed because genetic makeup was not actualy changed.
    5)Malthus postulated that in nature both plants and animals produce far more offspring than are able to survive. He wrote the essay on the principle of population.
    6)Lyell was the geologist that sugested the same things have been happening to the earth for many many years.
    
    
47. See Part A --> #46
    
    
48. An adaptation is a trait an organism aquires that will help it to survive more effectivly in its enviornment.
    
    
49. See Part A --> #46
    
    
50. Thomas Malthus' essay stated that plants and animals produced more offspring than the habitat could suport and this caused competition in the natural world.
    
    
51. Evidince of evolution can be seen in fossils by comparing modern animals to aincent relatives whose bones have been preserved.
    
    
52. See Part B --> #11
    
    
53. Heterozygous - Mixture of dominant and recessive alleles
    Homozygous - 2 of the same alleles , weather both recessive or both dominant.
    
    
54. Genome: All of the genetic information, the entire genetic complement, all of the hereditary material possessed by an organism.
    
    
55. Phenotype - the visual or physically seen characteristic due to the genotype or makeup of alleles in an organism.
    
    
56. Gene Pool - The collective genetic information contained within a population of sexually reproducing.
    
    
57. Genotype frequency - how often a specific genotype is occuring in a population. Expressed by the hardy-weinburg equation
    
    p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1
    
    
58. Genetic Drift - Random change in allele frequencies through generations due to chance events. founders effect and bottle neck scenarios are extreme cases.
    
    
59. Gene Flow - physical flow of alleles that occurs due to immigration and emigration. This keeps neighboring populations similar. Counters mutation, genetic drift and natural selection.
    
    
60. See Part B --> #9
    
    
61. Estimating population size can be done in two ways:
    1)Quadrant study - An area is measured and the number of organisms living in that area divided by the area multiplied by the total area of the habitat is the total population size.
    2)Mark - Recapture - compares proportion of marked and unmarked animals. See Part C --> #3
    
    
62. See Part B --> #12
    
    
63. Carrying Capacity - maximum number of organisms that can be substained by available resources. This is a dynamic measurement.
    
    
64. See Part C --> #3
    
    
65. See Part C --> #3
    
    
66. Population Density - the number of organisms per unit area.
    
    
67. For an organism to grow, it must have charecteristics allowing it to survive in its enviornment. The habitat must have enough resources to supply the organism. The organism must be able to avoid predatation, and compete with other organisms in the same area.
    
    
68. Formula to calculate somthing from the unit?
    
    
69. Open Population - Changes in number and density is determined by births, deaths, emigration and imigration.
    
    Closed Population - Change is determined by natality and mortality alone
    
    
70. Factors effecting population size:
    1) Competition
    2) Predidation
    3)Diseases
    
    Population Growth:
    1)Births and deaths
    2)imigragion and emigration
    3)Fecundity - Potential for a species to produce offspring in one lifetime.
    
    
    
    Good Luck!
    -Brandon